In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/P)-induced Parkinsons disease model mice, MPTP/P injection increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the expression of caspase-3 in the hippocampus, while berberine administration reversed these effects ( In addition, animal experiments and cell experiments have confirmed that berberine reduces the levels of extracellular and intracellular A, increases the levels of LC3-II, Beclin-1, hVps34 and cathepsin-D, and reduced the levels of P62, Bcl-2, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and beta-secretase 1 (BACE1)
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complementary synbiotics: the complexity of discriminating synbiotic concepts using a Lactiplantibacillus plantarum exemplary study
Notably, PPAR alone is not sufficient to restore redox homeostasis and promote the M2 phenotype, as demonstrated by the exacerbation of neuroinflammatory cytokine production in NRF2-deficient mice challenged with LPS (Innamorato et al., 2008)
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