Testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline
A 2025 study involving Bifidobacterium strains demonstrated that probiotic-driven tryptophan metabolism produces indole derivatives that activate aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR), further upregulating proglucagon gene expression and GLP-1 synthesis (438)
Pineal Res 70 , e12704 (2021)
We also studied whether GLP-1 fibers form close appositions with CSF-contacting neurons
Anovulatory cycles can be associated with either low or, by contrast, constantly elevated estradiol levels (53)
Moreover, the use of liver biopsy in selected cohorts could improve our knowledge of disease pathogenesis, while combination or sequential treatment strategies targeting different pathogenic pathways may also offer improved efficacy and warrant systematic investigation