The INSPIRED study, which included patients with a diabetes duration of less than 5 years, and the group led by Wang et al., independently identified a group they called IROD, characterized by high BMI, insulin resistance, reduced pancreatic -cell secretion, and an elevated risk of developing kidney disease, in line with the characteristics of the IROD 1 group (46)
PubMed record Silanteva IA, et al
Ducatman BS, Scheithauer BW

not present in plants Daily requirement: ~ 23 g/day Body stores: 25 mg , mostly in the liver (sufficient for 25 years) Absorption Pathway : In the mouth/stomach: B12 is protein-bound in food Stomach acid and pepsin release B12 from food proteins B12 binds to haptocorrin (also called R-binder or transcobalamin I) secreted by salivary glands and gastric mucosa In the small intestine : In the duodenum , pancreatic proteases degrade haptocorrin Free B12 then binds to intrinsic factor (IF) , a glycoprotein secreted by gastric parietal cells The B12IF complex travels to the terminal ileum , where it binds to cubilin receptors and is absorbed via receptor-mediated endocytosis 1 In the enterocyte and bloodstream: Inside enterocytes, B12 dissociates from IF It binds to transcobalamin II (TCII) for systemic transport Only B12TCII complex (called holotranscobalamin ) is biologically active and taken up by tissues Storage and transport: B12 is stored in the liver (main site), but also in muscle Transcobalamin II transports active B12 to tissues

Additionally, researchers are investigating combination therapies that incorporate GLP-1 receptor agonists with other pharmacological agents
Thighs : It is recommended to use the outside of the thighs and to keep at least a one-hand distance from the knee or hip