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Although these findings remain largely experimental, they reflect ongoing interest in improving the feasibility of orally administered macromolecules

The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone include muscle tissue hypertrophy (which may be desired by some but represents an anabolic effect), bone growth and remodeling (problematic after growth plates close), organ enlargement with chronic supraphysiologic doses (cardiac hypertrophy, acromegaly features), connective tissue proliferation (potentially contributing to joint pain and carpal tunnel syndrome), and cellular proliferation that may support tumor growth in susceptible individuals

Drost EM, Skwarski KM, Sauleda J, Soler N, Roca J, Agusti A, MacNee W (2005) Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD

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We thank Dr Aida Martinez-Sanchez, Imperial College London, for providing animal project licence access, the Imperial College Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy (FILM) for technical support on light microscopy experiments, the Electron Microscopy Centre at the Centre of Structural Biology, Imperial College London, for support during TEM data acquisition, and Dr Ricardo Aramayo at the Electron Microscopy Facility of the MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences (LMS) for support during cryo-CLEM sample preparation

7.3 Treatment strategies Calcium channel blockers and opioid antagonists, such as naltrexone, have shown potential for managing heroin addiction and ischemic stroke (Peyravian et al., 2022)