While most hepatic enzyme elevations are transient and reversible, rare cases of progressive injury highlight the role of individual susceptibility, such as genetic predispositions or concurrent autoimmune conditions (Sauder et al
Caffeine has the deepest evidence base, but prescription stimulants produce the largest cognitive effect, mostly in people with ADHD
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CrossRef Are GLP-1 receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy foes or friends
Zepbound was approved in November 2023 for chronic weight management in adults with obesity (BMI 30 kg/m) or overweight (BMI 27 kg/m) with at least one weight-related comorbid condition
Large observational studies have also linked GLP-1 receptor agonists with lower rates of alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine, and opioid-related disorders, along with reduced SUD-related hospitalizations and mortality