does glutathione inhibit melanin production Modulating skin colour: role of the thioredoxin and systems in regulating melanogenesis Reduced Glutathione for Skin Whitening

With the help of another family of enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases), glutathione has the ability to plant itself on toxins, flagging them as hazardous

One point worth clearing up, because it's widely muddled online: "contributes to normal spermatogenesis" is selenium's authorised claim, whereas zinc's fertility claims are different, zinc "contributes to normal fertility and reproduction," to "the maintenance of normal testosterone levels in the blood," and to "normal DNA synthesis." The two minerals are usually discussed together and often paired in formulas, but their authorised wording is distinct, which gives you a quick, useful test of whether a product's marketing is accurate

Trans fatty acids - effects on systemic inflammation and endothelial function

Salvianolic acids: small compounds with multiple mechanisms for cardiovascular protection

Frhbeck et al

This is non-negotiable when using brightening actives, UV exposure triggers fresh melanin production and directly undoes the work your serum is doing