Perhaps the best single paper on this topic comes from Oprea and colleagues and was published in the British Journal of Anaesthesia in July 2025
PT-141's MC1R binding affinity is 50-fold lower than its MC4R affinity, meaning the dose required to produce melanogenesis would far exceed the dose that causes intolerable MC4R-mediated side effects like nausea and blood pressure elevation
Whether tablets or injections are needed will depend on the cause of the vitamin B12 deficiency and whether there are any complications, such as anaemia or nerve problems
However, when discussing vitamin E and all antioxidants, we need to mention free radical production, the antioxidant system, and their effects on health, reproduction, and animal productivity
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Symptoms of B12 deficiency closely mimic hypothyroid symptoms, including fatigue, brain fog, hair loss, and depression, which means your B12 issue may be mistaken for undertreated thyroid disease
