Topiramate's effect on weight reduction and long-term maintenance of body weight may be due to its effects on both appetite suppression and satiety enhancement, induced by a combination of pharmacologic effects including augmenting the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate, modulation of voltage-gated ion channels, inhibition of AMPA/kainite excitatory glutamate receptors, or inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
A higher percentage of participants in the pramlintide groups achieved a weight loss of at least 10% at the 12-month mark compared to the placebo group (40% and 43% vs
The anti-apoptotic effect on outer root sheath cells was significant at picomolar concentrations (Pyo et al., 2007)
They work by potentially enhancing the follicular environment, supporting healthy inflammation, and encouraging hair growth at a cellular level
Following treatment, the medium was removed, cells were washed 2 times with warm PBS, and fixed with 4% formaldehyde for 20 min
Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC