Helicobacter pylori , a gastric pathogen implicated in peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, secretes the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), which localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and forms anion-selective channels
Key identifiers: IUPAC name: (2S)-2-amino-4-[[(1R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl]carbamoyl]butanoic acid Also known as: GSH, L-glutathione, gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine CAS Number: 70-18-8 Endogenous production: Yes
Has FOXO4-DRI been studied in humans
Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 23, 340351
The tryptophan-kynurenine pathway functions as a stress-activated metabolic system that diverts tryptophan from serotonin synthesis toward kynurenic acid production, which acts as a glutamate receptor antagonist and may contribute to anxiety pathophysiology through altered glutamatergic neurotransmission (Butler et al., 2022)
HBM-based risk assessment To put biomonitoring results in a risk context, biomarker-based exposure estimates are compared with HBGVs or used to calculate a MoE
