A recent investigation of its mechanism of action showed that AcM does not exhibit direct antimicrobial activity as it does not target the PGN of live bacteria but rather luminal cell-free PGN fragments, whilst it is able to promote anti-inflammatory pathways through nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 receptor activation [24]
DOI: Published online: March 23, 2026 1 Department of Surgery, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea 2 Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea 3 Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea Corresponding author: Ki Hyun Kim, MD, PhD Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, 262 Gamcheon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49267, Korea Tel: +82-51-990-6782 Fax: +82-51-246-6093 E-mail: [email protected] *These authors contributed equally to this work as first authors
doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02069 19
extend duration slowly
When these foundational elements are in place, targeted supplementation with NAC or comprehensive botanical formulations can provide meaningful additional support for long-term liver wellness
Choline in high doses (over 500 mg) produces a fishy body odor in approximately 10% of users due to gut bacterial conversion of choline to trimethylamine (TMA), which is then oxidized to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver
