Even when hyperglycemia is managed, diabetic problems may still arise, because hyperglycemia causes mitochondria to produce too many ROS [40]
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Once synthesized, MOTS-c is actively transported out of the mitochondria and into the nucleus during conditions like exercise or metabolic stress
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GLP-1R/GDF15 co-agonists largely preclinical pair GLP-1R activation with GFRAL-mediated hindbrain signaling, an appetite-suppressive pathway that is mechanistically non-overlapping with the GLP-1R satiety circuit
Nakade, Y., Tsukamoto, K., Pappas, T