Adverse Effects Common adverse effects: Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Less common adverse effects: Pancreatitis Injection site reactions Precautions: Avoid in patients with severe gastrointestinal disease Contraindicated in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2 syndrome for certain agents Comparative Analysis Explanation: GLP-1 analogues directly activate GLP-1 receptors, producing stronger incretin effects than DPP-4 inhibitors, which simply prevent degradation of endogenous GLP-1
Boxed warning: in rodent studies these medications caused thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC)
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Institutional Review Board Statement The animal study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Qinghai University (protocol code PJ202501-55 and date of approval 12 March 2025)
In several studies, decreased concentration of zinc status was observed in diabetic patients compared to healthy people [20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
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