Under hyperglycemic conditions, RGCs exhibit significant mitochondrial impairment, including cristae dissolution, swelling, vacuolar degeneration, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and diminished mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) [68, 69]
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Furthermore, a study using isotope tracing revealed inulin-derived SCFAs to provide carbon sources for histone acetylation (76).Notably, SCFAs are also involved in regulating epigenetic changes and energy metabolism of B cells by suppressing the activity of HDACs (7982)
Signalling in the brain: GLP-1 acts on the brain specifically the hypothalamus, which regulates appetite to increase satiety and lower appetite
Whether that specificity translates to superior clinical outcomes remains to be proven through rigorous trials
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