Tirzepatide is a dual (GLP-1 and GIP) receptor agonist, which means the medication activates both glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone receptors simultaneously
In 2025, semaglutide received approval from the U.S
In the TRIUMPH-1 trial, the 4 mg dose had a lower discontinuation rate due to adverse events than even placebo, suggesting that lower doses are well-tolerated
However, despite improvements in OSA-related symptoms and hypertension, PAP has not demonstrated a benefit on composite cardiovascular endpoints in randomized controlled trials for primary [23] or secondary cardiovascular prevention [24,25,26]
Metabolic Health & Broader Clinical Context Wilding, J
Retatrutide is an investigational triple receptor agonist targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors not yet approved by the MHRA or EMA as of April 2025