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The replacement of Ala8 with Aib did not significantly change the binding affinity, but did result in a decline in potency as a substrate for DPP4

318,322 Macrophages have two polarization states, M1 typically has pro-inflammatory properties, while M2 has anti-inflammatory properties

However, dose-dependent gastrointestinal effects limit efficacy, so drugs with GLP-1 and GCG pharmacology can also target alternative pathways and may expand the therapeutic index (132)

PMID: 25596009

11 Considering GIP analogues, Gly 2 GIP shows improved cAMP activity and insulinotropic activity in vitro, 20 while the cAMP activity of D-Ala 2 GIP matches that of GIP

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