Because a number of foods in the US are fortified with preformed vitamin A, the Linus Pauling Institute recommends that pregnant individuals avoid multivitamin or prenatal supplements that contain more than 750 micrograms (2,500 IU) of preformed vitamin A (retinol)
Thus, niclosamide, at relatively low concentrations, in only the tens of micromolar range, basically turns down the dimmer switch on the cells energy production while still preserving reversible viability (33)
Acetaminophen is metabolized in the liver where a toxic byproduct is produced that can be removed by conjugation with glutathione
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1563515 28 ContractorAEthellIMPortera-CailliauC
Treatment and prevention involve eating meat, fish, and dairy products or foods fortified with B12, like some breakfast cereals and breads
Connolly DT, Heuvelman DM, Nelson R, Olander JV, Eppley BL, et al