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GLP-1 medications can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, and MS patients on certain DMTs may already experience nausea or appetite changesoverlapping side effects require careful monitoring to distinguish medication effects from disease activity

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Similar immune defects are observed in alcohol-related cirrhosis, including depletion and functional impairment of MAIT (mucosal-associated invariant T) cells and elevated soluble immune checkpoint molecules, such as sTIM-3 (62)

Still, there are no vitamin B12 toxicity symptoms besides a few harmless, temporary effects, like red skin and a faster heart rate

Regular provider follow-up ensures safety and allows dose adjustment if adverse effects persist or new symptoms emerge during therapy

How are they believed to work