Along with the heterogeneity of the disease and the lack of reliable biomarkers, the problem for developing specific treatments for PD is its multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, many of which are common to the mechanisms of T2DM development, including brain insulin resistance, impaired energy and glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, impaired lysosome function, and oxidative stress [56, 57]
Nuclear receptors such as the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the liver X receptor (LXR) are expressed especially in the liver and intestine and contribute to cholesterol and bile acid synthesis [28, 29]
Researchers often examine it in models involving neuronal signaling, synapse formation, and learning-related pathway behavior
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Takeaway GLP-1 is a naturally occurring hormone in the human body that regulates blood sugar levels as well as reduces appetite to control body weight
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