The nephrotoxic mechanisms of pCS primarily involve inducing oxidative stress through activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, triggering inflammatory responses, and promoting renal fibrosis (124)
The study spanned six months, with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months
This study investigates these properties using a p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) -induced insomnia model in mice, an approach akin to traditional methods evaluating sleep-promoting activities in fusion peptides

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Viceversa, in mice fed a high-fed diet inducing weight gain, hepatic steatosis and IR were accompanied by alterations in expression of hepcidin (a protein that regulates iron homeostasis in response to erythropoietic activity) which preceded dysregulation of iron concentrations particularly in liver and visceral adipose tissue, with no effect on serum iron levels (Varghese et al., 2020)
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