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10.1001/jama.2020.11946 138 MurphyC
Activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) potentiates the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Epac/PI3K/Akt), cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/sirtuin 1 (AMPK/SIRT1) pathways, which enhance mitochondrial function, autophagy, and metabolic reprogramming
Several metabolic intermediates, such as long-chain acylcarnitines can cause oxidative stress at high levels and high levels of ROS can then cause damage to cells and tissues, leading to a further decline in performance
Banting FG, Best CH, Collip JB, Campbell WR, Fletcher AA (1922) Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
DISCLAIMER: These statements have not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration
CoA and choline are needed to synthesize acetylcholine
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