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The lack of vitamin B12 may result from any of the following conditions: Addisonian (pernicious) anemia this condition causes autoantibody formation against parietal cells, which results in a lack of IF essential for absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine Malabsorption impaired absorption of vitamin B12 Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery these include atrophic gastritis, celiac disease, small bowel bacterial overgrowth, pancreatic insufficiency, Helicobacter pylori infection, gastric carcinoma, and total or partial gastrectomy Diphyllobothrium latum and related species (the fish tapeworm) infestation these parasites compete with vitamin B12 for intestinal absorption

Why do nail changes matter

In studies 1 and 2, a four-point pain intensity scale was utilized

swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue

First introduced in the 1950s, B12 injections have a long-standing record of safety and efficacy in treating deficiency and restoring metabolic health

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